分隔型慢性硬膜下血肿(septated chronic subdural hematoma,sCSDH)由多个纤维隔膜分隔血肿腔形成,是一种特殊类型的慢性硬膜下血
本组46例患者中,男42例,女4例;平均年龄(66.7±14.5)岁,高龄患者(≥80岁)6例(3例患有糖尿病,2例患有高血压,1例高血压合并糖尿病)。临床症状中,头晕14例,头痛22例,肢体活动障碍40例(肌力0级至Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级至Ⅳ级34例)。既往有明确外伤史9例,糖尿病5例,高血压12例,冠心病1例,脑出血术后1例,脑梗死3例。术前Rankin修订量表评分(modified Rankin scale,mRS)平均为(3.1±0.8)分。血肿平均厚度(2.7±0.7)cm。
纳入标准:①有明确颅内压增高和神经功能受损症状;②头部CT提示高低混杂密度影,血肿形态呈现血肿壁厚薄不均、内膜不平滑的新月形,且脑组织有不同程度的受压或中线移位;③磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)显示:T1加权像呈现低信号,T2加权像以高信号为主,呈混杂或低信号且有明确分隔。排除标准:①急性硬膜下血肿;②格拉斯哥昏迷评分 < 5分,或瞳孔散大甚至脑疝者。
本组患者均在局部麻醉监护下行神经内镜下手术。取仰卧头偏位,根据患者术前CT定位,于头顶结节下方0.5~1.0 cm处,沿血肿长轴做一长约4.0 cm的横切口。用乳突牵开器牵开切口后,沿着切口长轴在颅骨表面钻孔,并扩大骨孔至(0.8~1.5)cm×(1.2~2.0)cm。悬吊硬膜后,切开硬膜及血肿外膜,缓慢释放血肿液后,置入0°硬质内镜,造瘘隔膜并清除血肿,同时离断纤维条索,用温盐水缓慢冲洗血肿腔,将高渗血肿液清除后置换成等渗生理盐水,将多房血肿变成单腔积液,再抵近观察,辨别并电凝切断桥静脉,尽可能将血肿内膜完全清除,显露蛛网膜结构,注意严格保护外侧裂区远端的蛛网膜小梁。术后液封血肿腔,在水环境中观察镜下有无渗出血,并在神经内镜直视下将10号硅胶管向额部置入6.0 cm,经副切口接引流装置,最后常规关颅。见图

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图1 sCSDH患者术前影像
Fig.1 Preoperative images of sCSDH
A和B:术前头部CT可见高低混杂密度影(CT值为10~60 Hu),内膜不平滑,白色小箭头为隔膜;C和D:术前头部MRI(T2加权像)可见血肿腔内多分隔,图中箭头所指为隔膜,绿色线条标注为不平滑的内膜

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图2 手术切口、骨窗及血肿外膜
Fig.2 Incision, bone window,and outer membrane of hematoma
A:箭头所指为横行切口约长4.0 cm;B和C:扩大骨孔约2.0 cm×1.6 cm(箭头);D:悬吊切开硬膜,暴露其下血肿外膜(白色箭头所指为硬膜,黑色箭头所指为血肿外膜)

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图3 内镜下血肿腔结构
Fig.3 Endoscopic view of the hematoma cavity
A:血肿腔内的完整隔膜;B:对纤维隔膜(黑色箭头所指)造瘘,暴露液化血肿(白色箭头所指);C:内镜下电凝、离断桥静脉(白色箭头所指);D:清除血肿内膜,暴露蛛网膜;E:大脑外侧裂区的蛛网膜小梁(白色箭头所指);F:吸除纤维隔膜,变多房为单腔;G:向额侧置管(黑色箭头所指);H:内镜下清除血肿腔内膜(白色箭头所指)
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本组患者平均手术时间(73.4±15.7)min,术中分隔完全游离者45例(97.8%),血肿完全清除者40例(87.0%)。术后患者平均置管时间为(30.1±7.9)h,平均住院时间(5.5±1.8)d。本组将mRS ≤ 2分视为术后症状改善、恢复良好,患者平均mRS评分(1.1±0.9)分,且mRS评分 ≤ 2分者42例(91.3%)。术后患者头晕、头痛症状均好转。4例患者肢体活动障碍未得到明显改善。其中,1例术前肌力0级改善为Ⅱ级,1例术前肌力Ⅰ级改善为Ⅱ级,2例术前肌力Ⅰ级改善为Ⅲ级。本组患者均未发生切口感染等并发症。术后随访3个月,复发患者1例(2.2%)。
术后6 h复查CT无血肿残留,腔液CT值为4~11 Hu,术后3个月复查CT,恢复良好。见

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图5 术后复查头部CT
Fig.5 Postoperative reexamination of head CT
A:术后6 h复查CT无血肿残留,腔液CT值为4~11 Hu;B:术后3个月复查CT
血肿腔多房血肿的形成机制可能是:病程中不同时期的内外膜部分自然剥离,继而形成新积液腔和血肿腔,如此反复,使得单腔血肿变为了多房血
sCSDH患者CT结果常表现为高低混杂密度影,血肿形态呈现血肿壁厚薄不均、内膜不平滑的新月
多项研
鉴于sCSDH形成机制及高危因素,笔者认为,治疗sCSDH的关键在于:①清除血肿并冲洗血肿腔,降低腔内渗透压;②游离隔膜和离断小梁,变多房为单腔;③清除内膜,显露蛛网膜及其小梁结构,促进腔液吸收,加速大脑复张。
目前,治疗sCSDH的常见术式有钻孔引流术和开颅术。但钻孔引流术常因为血肿腔内有纤维分隔,使得血肿得不到充分引流,导致术后血肿复发率高。有文
通过神经内镜,可近距离观察血肿腔内结构,同时造瘘游离隔膜,离断清除条索,辨别处理桥静脉,变多房为单腔。可在隔膜造瘘的基础上,用温盐水冲洗血肿腔,将高渗的血肿液置换为等渗的生理盐水。通过神经内镜,可在直视下充分清除血肿及内膜,暴露蛛网膜及其小梁结构,促进等渗腔液的吸收,加快残腔闭合及大脑复张;还可在直视下置管,保证置管的准确性,避免脑组织损伤。术后无需注射尿激酶,避免了颅内感染的风险。拔管时间早,患者可尽早下床活动,避免静脉血栓及坠积性肺炎形成。手术可以在局部麻醉下进行,扩大了手术适用人群。
但有学
因为外膜位于颅骨下,与内镜器械操作之间存在盲区,所以术中无法完全清除增生的外膜,亦无法对多处渗血的外膜进行精准止血。本组血肿完全清除40例,6例未完全清除。其中,5例血肿外膜较厚,且血供丰富,渗血点较多,术中未予以清除;1例为分隔未完全开通,该分隔与蛛网膜关系密切,为防止破坏蛛网膜结构,不予以开通。
综上所述,神经内镜治疗sCSDH可在局部麻醉监护下完成,其具有血肿清除率高、分隔游离及腔液置换充分、大脑复张快、术后无需注射尿激酶、置管时间短、可早期下床活动和复发率低等优势。通过神经内镜治疗,可避免钻孔引流手术置管的盲目性和注射尿激酶引起的再出血及感染等风险,同时避免了全身麻醉下开颅带来的手术创伤,更适合有基础疾病的老年患者,值得临床推广普及。
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