摘要
检索多个中英文数据库建库至2021年2月的研究。通过纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(NOS)和JADAD量表评估不同类型研究的方法学质量,并使用随机效应模型合并效应量。重要结局包括结石完全清除率、结石单次清除率、取石次数和不良事件发生率。
最终37项研究符合纳入标准,包含3 728例患者。结石完全清除率为0.947(95%CI:0.920~0.970),结石单次清除率为0.747(95%CI:0.682~0.807),取石次数为1.10次(95%CI:1.080~1.120),不良事件发生率为0.065(95%CI:0.046~0.087);二代SpyGlass在结石完全清除率、结石单次清除率、取石次数上优于一代SpyGlass(97.3%和92.2%、80.3%和67.8%、1.03和1.27次);激光碎石在结石完全清除率、结石单次清除率、取石次数、不良事件发生率上优于液电碎石(97.8%和91.0%、80.4%和70.1%、1.06和1.19次、6.5%和7.8%)。
胆管结石是最常见的胆道疾病之一。目前,内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)已成为治疗胆管结石的首选方法。然而,10%~15%的胆管结石需要在额外的技术介入下才能取
计算机检索中国知网、维普数据库、万方数据库、MEDLINE、EMBASE、Cochrane Library和Web of Science建库至2021年2月的相关研究。中文检索词包括:SpyGlass单人操作胆道镜、SpyGlass、胆道镜、胆管结石;英文检索词包括:SpyGlass、cholangioscopy、cholangiopancreatoscopy、choledochoscopy、electrohydraulic lithotripsy、laser lithotripsy。由3位研究人员根据制定标准独立进行文献筛选、方法学质量评价和资料提取,如遇意见分歧,则通过讨论和协商解决。提取资料包括文献的基本特征和SpyGlass治疗的各种结局指标。
采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(Newcastle-Ottawa scale,NOS)评价观察性研究的方法学质
①结石完全清除率:一次或多次取石后成功取出所有结石的患者数/总患者数×100%;②结石单次清除率:一次取石后成功取出所有结石的患者数/总患者数×100%;③结石完全清除所需的取石次数;④不良事件发生率:ERCP术后胰腺炎、胆管炎、出血、穿孔是主要不良事件,其他不良事件包括发热、腹痛、恶心呕吐、胆道狭窄、一过性菌血症、无症状高淀粉酶血症、室性心动过速和吸入性肺炎等。
选用R软件3.6.0计算合并
初检共获得1 873篇相关研究,剔除重复研究后得到900篇,通过标题和摘要排除后剩余51篇,排除样本量小于10的研究6篇、使用其他类型胆道镜的研究3篇、治疗普通胆管结石的研究2篇、无结局指标的研究3篇,最终37篇研

图1 文献筛选流程图
Fig.1 Flow chart of literature screening
最终包含3 728例患者在内的37项研
共有36项研究报道了结石完全清除率。异质性检验:P < 0.01且I


图2 结石完全清除率合并的森林图
Fig.2 Forest plot of pooled complete stone clearance rate
共有33项研究报道了结石单次清除率。异质性检验:P < 0.01且I


图3 结石单次清除率合并的森林
Fig.3 Forest plot of pooled single-session stone clearance rate
共有30项研究报道了取石次数。异质性检验:P < 0.01且I


图4 取石次数合并的森林图
Fig.4 Forest plot of pooled stone removal times
共有37项研究报道了不良事件发生率。异质性检验:P < 0.01且I


图5 不良事件发生率合并的森林图
Fig.5 Forest plot of pooled adverse events rate
在37项研究中,按照研究设计不同分为RCT和观察性研究两个亚组,按照SpyGlass类型不同分为SpyGlass和SpyGlass DS两个亚组,按照碎石方法不同分为液电碎石和激光碎石两个亚组。各亚组分析的I
DBDS难以通过常规ERCP术成功取出,随着胆道镜技术的发展,已能够在ERCP手术过程中通过直视系统直接进行液电或激光碎石。因此,胆道镜技术成为去除DBDS的一个更好的选择。目前,有3种不同类型的经口胆道镜用于临床治疗,包括直接经口胆道镜、双操作者“母婴”式胆道镜和单人操作胆道镜(SpyGlass
JIN
MCCARTY
张航
本研究中,亚组分析因素包括研究设计、SpyGlass类型和碎石方法,对于结石完全清除率和不良事件发生率,RCT组的异质性(56%和36%)均明显低于观察性组(75%和83%),将BANG
本研究中,约5.3%的患者使用SpyGlass仍然无法成功治疗DBDS。笔者总结了以下4种可能造成取石失败的原因:①十二指肠镜操作受空间限制;②插管困难;③SpyGlass无法深入到结石部位;④碎石探头无法瞄准结石。这4种情况都是建立在不利的解剖和结石因素上,解剖因素包括术后异常解剖、壶腹部周围憩室或结石下端狭窄,结石因素包括大结石、多发结石、嵌顿性结石或结石位于肝内胆管或胆囊管等取石困难部位。
虽然在本研究中,不良事件的发生率很低(6.5%),但一些关于SpyGlass的研究报道了较高的不良事件发生率,如LÜBBE
本研究仍然存在一定的局限性。首先,各项研究间存在明显的异质性,尤其是结石单次清除率和取石次数这两项结局指标,因不同研究间单次成功定义不同,如SpyGlass首次取石失败而在额外ERCP术介入下完成取石,虽不能认为SpyGlass首次治疗成功,但又没有经历第二次SpyGlass手术,针对取石次数,部分研究用中位数和极差去估计均值和标准差,便于合并结果的同时会造成与真实值间的偏差;其次,纳入的大部分研究为观察性且缺乏对照组,RCT研究的方法学评分也并非都是高质量。笔者通过进一步的亚组分析和Meta回归分析发现,研究设计、SpyGlass类型和碎石方法是异质性的重要来源。尽管如此,合并数量众多的研究仍无法避免较为明显的异质性,但运用敏感性分析和排除分析后,合并值未发生明显变化,证实了本研究结果是可靠的。
综上所述,SpyGlass治疗DBDS是有效和安全的。当常规取石方法失败时,它可以作为一种良好的治疗方法,使用二代SpyGlass结合激光碎石可能会得到更好的治疗效果,但仍需进一步大样本量的RCT研究来证实。
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